The rumors include an allegation that Panamanian President Ricardo Martinelli, one of the region’s only libertarian leaders, donated to his campaign.
His campaign had spent more than $1 million on advertising by mid-December, according to a report in La Nacion, forcing Guevara to fend off speculation about the source of his finances. 2010P,L: Spending it apparently isn’t either.Some 200 international observers, including fifty sent by the OAS, ensure clean elections in the most prosperous country in Central America, which has no armed forces since 1948, and which is the most stable democracy in Latin America. Unos 200 observadores internacionales, entre ellos medio centenar enviados por la OEA, velarán por la limpieza de los comicios en el país más próspero de Centroamérica, que carece de Fuerzas Armadas desde 1948, y cuya democracia es la más estable de América Latina.
2010P, L: The assessment for the elections tomorrow (Sunday) is normally in the country, the electoral organization that has (Costa Rica) is appropriate and meets the requirements and standards," he told AFP Chief of Mission Observers from the Organization of American States (OAS), the former Colombian Foreign Minister Maria Emma Mejia.is accused by anti-free trade groups of “dirty campaigning” and pressuring to get the referendum passed.Ģ.
In the 2003 referendum to pass the U.S.-Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement, the U.S. In the 210 presidential elections, libertarian candidate Otto Guevara was accused of accepting campaign money from his friend Ricardo Martinelli, president of Panama, the region’s only libertarian leader. In 2010, the University for Peace (an institution with strong UN connections) and Organization of American States monitored the general elections. From 2016 on, Kai Jaeger took over much of the coding.īelow is supporting material from the 2011-12 pilot, including information on the sources used.Ĭanada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United StatesĬosta Rica (2002P, 2002L, 2006P, 2006L, 2007R, 2010P, 2010L) An updated version of the coding continued at Uni Mannheim, where Vinny Lindoso, Marcela Ibanez, and Dennis Hammerschmidt are working on a bigger sample and with a rigorous codebook. The coding was done by Yale RA's (Baobao Zhang, Vinny Lindoso, thanks). plumosus are provided in table S1.This is a pilot coding for a paper by the same name, and the book on different kinds of interventions, undertaken by foreign powers, in other countries' elections. S2 to S8, and long-term monitoring data of the midges C. Macrobenthos data obtained in 19 are summarized in figs. Data and materials availability: Water-quality data are available at the home page of Shimane Prefecture ( ). Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. monitored water quality and sampled water for neonicotinoid analysis H.H. designed the research, received funding, and wrote the draft T.Ko. Funding: This study was supported by the River Works Technology Research and Development Program, Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism. Rodenhouse gave insightful comments and suggestions. We thank the Izumo River Office, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, for allowing the use of their monitoring data.